What is Indonesia's pathway to limit global warming to 1.5°C?
Buildings
Energy consumption of buildings in Indonesia accounted for 3.8% of direct CO₂ emissions and 20.7% of indirect CO₂ emissions in 2019.1 However, total final energy consumption of residential building sector peaked in 2007 and since then has declined by 43% by 2019.2 During the same period, residential electricity demand has increased by around 120%. In 2019, the residential and commercial building sector in Indonesia consumed 20% of total primary energy and around 39% of electricity consumption.3
Indonesia's energy mix in the buildings sector
petajoule per year
-
Graph description
Energy mix composition in the buildings sector in consumption (EJ) and shares (%) for the years 2030, 2040 and 2050 based on selected IPCC SR1.5 global least costs pathways.
Methodology
Data References
-
1.5°C compatible pathways show that the share of electricity in buildings’ energy mix could reach 54-76% in 2030, and 92-95% by 2050, under different scenarios. All scenarios see a rapid decline in emission intensity of the building sector to 17-22 MtCO₂/yr by 2030 and 5-7 MtCO₂/yr by 2050, from a 2019 level of 25 MtCO₂/yr. The decline is mostly driven by an increased electrification rate with high share of renewables in power mix and increased energy efficiency.
Traditionally, the use of solid biomass (palm oil residue) remains significant as a cooking fuel, representing an energy demand of around 38% in 2019 for building sector. All analysed scenarios demonstrate a rapid decline in the demand for solid biomass, reaching 2-25% by 2050, however the share of oil in primary energy demand which was 25% in 2019, peaked /should have peaked in 2020 and start to decline after that under all analysed scenarios except one.
Indonesia is implementing green building standards for both commercial and residential buildings in three major cities, as well as mandatory Energy Performance Certificates for new commercial buildings. Considering the growing urban space of Indonesia, extending these policies for both residential buildings will be an important intervention in reducing emissions from the building sector. Some policies needed to be introduced for the retrofitting of the old buildings also.
Indonesia's buildings sector direct CO₂ emissions (of energy demand)
MtCO₂/yr
Direct CO₂ emissions only are considered (see power sector for electricity related emissions, hydrogen and heat emissions are not considered here).
-
Graph description
Direct CO₂ emissions of the buildings sector in selected 1.5°C compatible pathways.
Methodology
Data References
-
1.5°C compatible buildings sector benchmarks
Direct CO₂ emissions and shares of electricity, heat and hydrogen in the buildings final energy demand from illustrative 1.5°C pathways for Indonesia
| Indicator |
2019
|
2030
|
2040
|
2050
|
Decarbonised buildings sector by
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Direct CO₂ emissions
MtCO₂/yr
|
25
|
22 to
27
|
6 to
17
|
5 to
8
|
2040 to
2045
|
|
Relative to reference year in %
|
-10 to
9%
|
-75 to
-31%
|
-80 to
-69%
|
| Indicator |
2019
|
2030
|
2040
|
2050
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Share of electricity
per cent
|
37
|
54 to
76
|
80 to
94
|
92 to
95
|
|
Share of heat
per cent
|
0
|
0 to
0
|
0 to
0
|
0 to
1
|
|
Share of hydrogen
per cent
|
0
|
0 to
4
|
0 to
3
|
0 to
2
|
All values are rounded. Only direct CO₂ emissions are considered (electricity, hydrogen and heat emissions are not considered here; see power sector for emissions from electricity generation). Year of full decarbonisation is based on carbon intenstiy threshold of 5gCO₂/MJ.
-
Methodology
Data References
-