What is Thailand's pathway to limit global warming to 1.5°C?
Buildings
Thailand’s building sector represented 19% of final energy consumption in 2019, with the share of commercial and residential sectors being 6% and 12.5%, respectively.1 The building sector of Thailand accounts for half of the country’s electricity consumption, with a trend that shows an increase of around 16% between 2015 and 2019.2
Thailand's energy mix in the buildings sector
petajoule per year
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Graph description
Energy mix composition in the buildings sector in consumption (EJ) and shares (%) for the years 2030, 2040 and 2050 based on selected IPCC SR1.5 global least costs pathways.
Methodology
Data References
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1.5°C compatible pathways show that the share of electricity in Thailand’s building sector final energy demand would need to reach 74–87% by 2030, and 90–97% by 2050 under different scenarios, from its 2019 level of 58%. All scenarios see a rapid decline in emissions intensity of the building sector, driven mostly by energy efficiency improvements, and an increasing electrification rate with a high share of renewables in the power mix.
All analysed scenarios show a rapid decline in the demand for solid biomass, reaching 0–13% by 2050. The share of fossil fuels in final energy demand which was 17% in 2019, is shown to peak in 2019 and decline after that.
Thailand’s Energy Efficiency Plan (EEP 2018) came into force in 2021 and includes a Building Energy Code (BEC) for new or retrofitted buildings with a total area of over 5,000m2 in 2022 and from 2023 to also smaller ones.3,4 The BEC also covers appliances such as lighting and air-conditioning. Thailand also has Minimum Energy Performance Standards (MEPS) for equipment, appliances, buildings and vehicles.5 Under the EEP 2018, the buildings (commercial and residential) sector is expected to conserve a cumulative 9,718 ktoe of energy between 2010–2037.6
Thailand's buildings sector direct CO₂ emissions (of energy demand)
MtCO₂/yr
Direct CO₂ emissions only are considered (see power sector for electricity related emissions, hydrogen and heat emissions are not considered here).
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Graph description
Direct CO₂ emissions of the buildings sector in selected 1.5°C compatible pathways.
Methodology
Data References
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1.5°C compatible buildings sector benchmarks
Direct CO₂ emissions and shares of electricity, heat and hydrogen in the buildings final energy demand from illustrative 1.5°C pathways for Thailand
| Indicator |
2019
|
2030
|
2040
|
2050
|
Decarbonised buildings sector by
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Direct CO₂ emissions
MtCO₂/yr
|
7
|
5 to
6
|
1 to
3
|
1 to
1
|
2037
|
|
Relative to reference year in %
|
-18 to
-17%
|
-82 to
-51%
|
-86 to
-80%
|
| Indicator |
2019
|
2030
|
2040
|
2050
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Share of electricity
per cent
|
58
|
74 to
87
|
90 to
97
|
96 to
98
|
|
Share of heat
per cent
|
0
|
0 to
0
|
0 to
0
|
0 to
0
|
|
Share of hydrogen
per cent
|
0
|
0 to
1
|
0 to
4
|
0 to
3
|
All values are rounded. Only direct CO₂ emissions are considered (electricity, hydrogen and heat emissions are not considered here; see power sector for emissions from electricity generation). Year of full decarbonisation is based on carbon intenstiy threshold of 5gCO₂/MJ.
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Methodology
Data References
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