What is India's pathway to limit global warming to 1.5°C?
Primary Energy
Primary energy
In 2023, India’s primary energy consumption was around 46,000 PJ, with fossil fuels supplying three-quarters of this demand. The remaining energy comes mostly from traditional biomass use in residential sector (20%) and renewables (3%).
India's primary energy mix
petajoule per year
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Graph description
Primary energy mix composition in consumption (EJ) and shares (%) for the years 2030, 2035, 2040 through 2070 based on the HPA scenario.
Methodology
Data References
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Under the Highest Possible Ambition scenario, total primary energy demand continues to rise through mid-century, reflecting strong underlying growth in economic activity and energy services even under an ambitious 1.5°C compatible pathway. What changes fundamentally is which fuels meet that rising demand after 2030. Unabated fossil fuels decline sharply in relative terms, while renewables expand rapidly, rising to 84% in 2050. Nuclear remains small throughout (0.4% in 2050), and fossil with CCS is negligible.
In a 1.5°C pathway, electrification of end-use sectors and energy efficiency measures help to limit growth in fossil fuel combustion and reduce overall energy intensity.1 In India’s development context, these measures are more likely to slow and reshape primary energy growth rather than reverse it outright. As a result, ensuring that future energy demand is met by cleaner and more efficient sources becomes as important as the level of demand itself.