Downscaling power carbon intensity

MtCO₂

{{country.alt_name|s}} buildings sector direct CO₂ emissions (of energy demand)

Downscaling the energy mix in the final energy demand sectors

petajoule per year

{{country.alt_name|s}}  energy mix in the buildings sector

shares of electricity, hydrogen and biofuels in final energy demand in the buildings sector.

Key buildings sector benchmarks

{{country.alt_name|s}} industry sector direct CO₂ emissions (of energy demand)

{{country.alt_name|s}} energy mix in the industry sector

{{country.alt_name|s}} GHG emissions from industrial processes

shares of electricity, hydrogen and biomass in final energy demand in the industry sector. Year of reaching net zero emissions including the use of BECCS.

Key industry sector benchmarks

How are buildings sector benchmarks defined?

1.5°C compatible buildings sector benchmarks

How are industry sector benchmarks defined?

1.5°C compatible industry sector benchmarks

How are power benchmarks defined?

1.5°C compatible power sector benchmarks

How are transportation sector benchmarks defined?

1.5°C compatible transport sector benchmarks

Downscaling LULUCF emissions

MtCO₂/yr

{{country.alt_name|s}} LULUCF emissions

Determining forest area changes

Million ha / yr

{{country.alt_name|s}} Forest area change

Determining land cover areas

Million ha

{{country.alt_name|s}} Land cover areas

Electricity cost

USD per megawatt hour

{{country.alt_name|s}} electricity generation cost

MtCO₂ and gCO₂/kWh

{{country.alt_name|s}} power sector emissions and carbon intensity

Downscaling power energy mix

terawatt-hour per year

{{country.alt_name|s}} power mix

Power Investments

Billion USD / yr

{{country.alt_name|s}} renewable electricity investments

1.5°C compatible Power benchmarks

Renewables shares and year of zero emissions power including the use of BECCS

Key power sector benchmarks

Downscaling sectoral emissions pathways

excl. LULUCF MtCO₂e/yr

{{country.alt_name|s}} total GHG emissions by sector

{{country.alt_name|s}} transport sector direct CO₂ emissions (of energy demand)

{{country.alt_name|s}} energy mix in the transport sector

shares of electricity, hydrogen and biofuels in final energy demand in the transport sector.

Key transport sector benchmarks

Indonesia

Sectors

In this section we look at how the required reduction in greenhouse gas emissions can be achieved on a sector by sector basis and their policy implications.

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The 1.5°C national pathway explorer translates global IPCC pathways into decarbonisation benchmarks at national and sectoral level in line with the Paris Agreement to support countries in developing their 1.5°C compatible long-term emissions reductions plans.

What are fossil with CCS and nuclear technologies?

What is carbon dioxide removal (CDR)?

What is domestic action and fair share?

Why do historical and modelled LULUCF estimates not match up?

How is net zero defined?

What pathways are used in the analysis?

More information about this graph and itʼs underlying data

LULUCF emissions profile trajectories

Forest area change

Evolution of land-use pattern

1.5°C national pathway explorer{{country ? " — " + country.name : "" }}

<a href="https://models.pbl.nl/image/index.php/Home_IMAGE">IMAGE SSP1-19</a> follows a narrative based on a world of sustainability-focused growth and equality (SSP1). Technical development in the energy sector is enabled, among others, through a globally high reliance on CDR technologies and a comparatively low CO₂ price.

image_ssp1_19

<a href="https://www-iam.nies.go.jp/aim/">AIM SSP1-19</a> follows a narrative based on a world of sustainability-focused growth and equality (SSP1). Technical development in the energy sector is enabled through a globally low reliance on CDR technologies and a comparatively high CO₂ price. Note: the model AIM SSP1-19 is located at the border of the sustainability criteria described above and allows a better performance for the Asian region. We have thus decided to include it in our illustrative pathways.

aim_ssp1_19

<a href="http://www.energywatchgroup.org/new-study-global-energy-system-based-100-renewable-energy/">EWG_LUT_Global100RE</a> cost-effective, cross-sectoral, global 100% renewable energy system that does not build on negative CO₂ emission technologies. Cost-optimal mix of technologies is based on locally available renewables.

ewg_lut

<a href="https://iiasa.ac.at/web/home/research/researchPrograms/TransitionstoNewTechnologies/Low_Energy_Demand.html">MESSAGE LED</a> follows a narrative based on a world of sustainability-focused growth and equality (SSP1). Technical development in the energy sector is enabled through a globally low reliance on CDR technologies and a comparatively high CO₂ price.

<a href="https://rse.pik-potsdam.de/doc/remind/2.1.0/">REMIND_7</a> is an energy-economy general equilibrium model linking a macro-economic growth model with a bottom-up engineering-based energy system model.

remind_cdr8

<a href="https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/13/15/3805">Bottom-up CAT Scaling-up Australia</a> is a multi-sectoral Australian Energy Modeling System (AUSeMOSYS) based on the open-source energy modelling system (OSeMOSYS) framework. The model was calibrated to recent past trends in energy generation, including the recent and near-future rapid uptake of renewables in different regions, whether by policy decision or autonomous development. Beyond the power sector, AUSeMOSYS also provides scenario pathways for the uptake of electric vehicles and hydrogen-powered transport, coupled to the power sector with a timeline through 2050. Note: this pathway is used solely in the Australian country analysis.

aus_catsu

The <a href="https://www.pac-scenarios.eu/scenario-development.html">PAC scenario</a> is a European-wide energy scenario which is aligned with the Paris Agreement’s objective to limit global warming to 1.5°C and which embodies the policy demands of civil society. In doing this, it suggests a trajectory with 100% renewable energy supply by 2040, at least 65% greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs) reductions by the year 2030, net-zero emissions by 2040.

Indonesia Sectors

Sectoral overview

Indonesiaʼs total GHG emissions by sector

Energy

Other

Agriculture

Industry (processes)

Footnotes